Vectors are not like simple numbers. They have magnitude, which is a simple positive number, but they also have a direction, which is not a number but a description. Addition of vectors requires special procedure and much care.

There are basically two ways to add vectors - (1) graphically, and (2) analytically. The graphical addition procedure is more visual and important for understanding how vectors act together to produce a net vector. The analytical procedure is algebraic and hides much of the intuition, but it is also much easier to implement, especially when multiple vectors have to be added.

Let us appeal to our intuition of vector by looking at two force vectors. Suppose two of your friends push on you at right angles to each other. You know that the net effect will be at an angle between them. Another thing that you might not notice in this simple experiment is that the net force on you will be less than the sum of the two forces. For instance, one friend pushed on you with $10\text{ N}$ and the other friend with $15\text{ N}\text{,}$ then net force on you will NOT BE $25\text{ N}$ if they are pushing at right angle to each other.

It has been known for a long time that forces add such that if you draw forces on the two sides of a parallelogram, their sum will have magnitude and direction of one of the diagnals of the parallelogram. Which diagonal? Well, if you draw both force coming out of a common vertex with the same scale as in Figure 3.3.1, then, net force will be along the diagonal with that same vertex. This is called parallelogram law of addition. Not only forces, but all vectors add this way.

An alternative view of vector addition by a diagram is shown in Figure 3.3.2(b) with position vectors $\vec r_1$ and $\vec r_2\text{.}$ Here, we move the second vector so that it starts at the tip of the first vector. Then, the vector from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the second vector would be the same as the diagonal of the corresponding parallelogram, and hence would be the sum of the two vectors. This method is often called tip-to-tail method of addition.

(a) From Figure 3.3.4 , read off magnitudes and directions of vectors $\vec A$ and $\vec B \text{,}$ draw the negative of vector $\vec B \text{.}$ Lets call it $\vec C\text{.}$

(b) Find the magnitude and direction of $\vec A - \vec B$ in two ways: (i) from the components of $\vec A + \vec C\text{,}$ and (ii) graphically from the parallelogram formed by $\vec A$ and $\vec C \text{.}$

Hint

For (b) (i), read off the components of $\vec A$ and $\vec B$ and then work out the algebra. For (b) (ii), us a ruler to read off the length of the vector and a protractor to read the angle.

(b) (i) $\sqrt{17}\text{ m}, 14.0^{\circ}$ counterclockwise from $+x$ axis.

Solution 1 (a)

(a) We first draw vector $\vec C$ as shown in Figure 3.3.5.

Solution 2 (b)

(b) (i) We add $\vec A$ and $\vec C$ using their components. Let's denote the sum by $\vec D\text{.}$

\begin{align*} \amp D_x = A_x + C_x = 3 + 1 = 4.\\ \amp D_y = A_y + C_y = 2 - 1 = 1. \end{align*}

Therefore, the magnitude and angle are:

\begin{align*} \amp D = \sqrt{D_x^2 + D_y^2 } = \sqrt{17}\text{ m}.\\ \amp \theta = \tan^{-1}\left( \dfrac{1}{4}\right) = 14.0^{\circ}. \end{align*}

Since $(4,1)$ is in the first quadrant, the direction is this angle counterclockwise from the positive $x$ axis.

(b) (ii) I printed out the figure and used a ruler and a protractor to get the length and the angle - this will give only approximate values, and that's okay. Read directly, the magnitude is $\approx 4.0$ and the counterc;ockwise angle from the positive $x$ axis is $\approx 15^{\circ}\text{.}$ These values are close enough to the exact values in (i).

Suppose you have two position vectors $\vec r_1$ and $\vec r_2$ and you want their sum $\vec r_{\text{sum}}$ as shown in Figure 3.3.6. Formally, we write the parallelogram addition of vectors $\vec r_1$ and $\vec r_2$ as a vector equation.

$$\vec r_{\text{sum}} = \vec r_1 + \vec r_2.\label{eq-vector-sum}\tag{3.3.1}$$

This is just a formal definition. THIS DOES NOT MEAN LENGTH OF THE SUM VECTOR IS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF THE LENGTHS OF THE TWO VECTORS BEING SUMMED!!!.

\begin{equation*} \text{length of }\vec r_{\text{sum}} \ne (\text{length of }\vec r_{1}) + (\text{length of }\vec r_{2}). \end{equation*}

Replacing Eq. (3.3.1) by coordinate representations of the three vectors, we might write it like the following.

\begin{equation*} \left( x_{\text{sum}}, y_{\text{sum}}\right) = (x_1, y_1) + (x_2, y_2). \end{equation*}

If vectors were in three-dimensional space, we will also have their $z$-components.

If you look at the diagram in (b), you will immediately see that $x_\text{sum}$ is just sum of $x_1$ and $x_2\text{,}$ and similarly for the $y$ parts.

\begin{align} \amp x_{\text{sum}} = x_1 + x_2,\tag{3.3.2}\\ \amp y_{\text{sum}} = y_1 + y_2.\tag{3.3.3} \end{align}

Now, if we wanted the magnitude and direction of the sum vector, we can just use the $(x,y)$ to $(r, \theta)$ transformations, as we do for any vector.

\begin{align} \amp r_{\text{sum}} = \sqrt{ x_{\text{sum}}^2 + y_{\text{sum}}^2 }\tag{3.3.4}\\ \amp \tan \theta_{\text{sum}} = \dfrac{ y_{\text{sum}} }{ x_{\text{sum}} } \tag{3.3.5} \end{align}

Once we get the angle, we deduce the direction from the angle value based on the quadrant the vector is pointed, and then we state the direction as clockwise or counterclockwise angles from Cartesian axes.

Often a table of components helps organize the calculations. This is illustrated in Example 3.3.10.

Suppose a box is being pushed by two forces, which are given to us in component form, as $(F_x, F_y)\text{:}$

\begin{equation*} \vec F_1 = (20\text{ N}, 25\text{ N}),\ \ \vec F_2 = (10\text{ N}, 15\text{ N}) \end{equation*}

What are the magnitude and direction of their sum, also called the net force, $\vec F_{\text{net}}\text{.}$

Hint

$50\text{ N},\, 53.1^{\circ}$ counterclockwise from positive $x$ axis.

Solution

From the discusssion of this section, we know that the components of the sum can be easily obtained from the components of the summand.

\begin{align*} \amp F_{\text{net},x} = F_{1x} + F_{2x} = 20\text{ N} + 10\text{ N} = 30\text{ N}. \\ \amp F_{\text{net},y} = F_{1y} + F_{2y} = 25\text{ N} + 15\text{ N} = 40\text{ N}. \end{align*}

Therefore, the magnitude of the sum is

\begin{equation*} \text{Magnitude, } F_{\text{net}} = \sqrt{30^2 + 40^2} = 50\text{ N}. \end{equation*}

To get the direction, we find the angle first by

\begin{equation*} \theta = \tan^{-1}\left( \dfrac{40}{30}\right) = 53.1^{\circ}. \end{equation*}

Since point $(30, 40)$ is in the first quadrant, the direction of the net force is counterclockwise from the positive $x$ axis.

Suppose a box is being pushed by two forces, which are given to us in magnitude-direction form in the $xy$ plane:

\begin{equation*} \vec F_1 = (30\text{ N},\, \text{East}),\ \ \vec F_2 = (40\text{ N},\, \text{South}) \end{equation*}

Use coordinate axes with positive $x$ towards East and positive $y$ towards North. What are the magnitude and direction of their sum? Note: magnitude is not equal to $70\text{ N}\text{.}$

Hint

First write the given forces in the component forms.

$50\text{ N},\, 53.1^{\circ}$ clockwise from positive $x$ axis.

Solution

We will need to first write the given forces in their component forms. Let $x$ axis be towards East and the $y$ axis towards North. Then, here the component forms of the two given forces are easy to work out.

\begin{align*} \amp \vec F_1 = (30\text{ N},\ 0),\\ \amp \vec F_2 = (0,\ -40\text{ N}) \end{align*}

Let's write $\vec F$ for the sum vector. The components of the sum are then

\begin{align*} \amp F_{x} = F_{1x} + F_{2x} = 30\text{ N} + 0 = 30\text{ N}. \\ \amp F_{y} = F_{1y} + F_{2y} = 0 + (-40\text{ N}) = -40\text{ N}. \end{align*}

Therefore, the magnitude of the sum is

\begin{equation*} \text{Magnitude, } F_{\text{net}} = \sqrt{30^2 + 40^2} = 50\text{ N}. \end{equation*}

To get the direction, we find the angle first by

\begin{equation*} \theta = \tan^{-1}\left( \dfrac{-40}{30}\right) = - 53.1^{\circ}. \end{equation*}

Since point $(30, -40)$ is in the fourth quadrant, the direction of the net force is clockwise from the positive $x$ axis.

Consider two force vectors, $\vec F_1$ that has a magnitude $25.0\text{ N}$ in the direction of East, and $\vec F_2$ that has a magnitude $40.0\text{ N}$ in the direction of $30^{\circ}$ North of East. What are the magnitude and direction of their sum, $\vec F_1 + \vec F_2\text{?}$ For stating directions in space, let $x$ axis be pointed towards East, $y$ axis be pointed towards North, and $z$ axis be pointed Up.

Hint

Add $x$ components separately from the $y$ components.

$62.9\text{ N}, 18.6^{\circ}$ counterclockwise from East towards North.

Solution

First we find the component forms of each vector, and then will sum components in each direction separately.

\begin{align*} \amp F_{1x} = 25.0\text{ N},\ \ F_{1y} = 0,\\ \amp F_{2x} = 40.0 \cos\, 30^{\circ} = 34.6\text{ N}, \\ \amp F_{2y} = 40.0 \sin\, 30^{\circ} = 20.0\text{ N}, \end{align*}

Now, adding values along each axis separartely, we get $x$ and $y$ components of the sum. Let us denote them by $F_x$ and $F_y\text{.}$

\begin{align*} \amp F_{x} = F_{1x} + F_{2x} = 25.0 + 34.6 = 59.6\text{ N},\\ \amp F_{y} = F_{1y} + F_{2y} = 20.0\text{ N}, \end{align*}

From these components, we can get the magnitude and direction. Since the values of $F_x$ and $F_y$ places the vector in the first quadrant, the angle will just be the counterclockwise from the positive $x$ axis.

\begin{align*} \amp \text{Magnitude, }F = \sqrt{F_{x}^2 + F_{y}^2 } = \sqrt{59.6^2 + 20.0^2} = 62.9\text{ N},\\ \amp \theta = \tan^{-1}\left( \dfrac{F_y}{F_x} \right) = \tan^{-1}\left( \dfrac{20}{59.6} \right) = 18.6^{\circ}. \end{align*}

Suppose we want to add three forces shown in Figure 3.3.11.

(1) $15.0\text{ N}$ force pointed down, (2) $12\text{ N}$ force pointed $54^{\circ}$ below horizon, and (3) $10.0 \text{ N}$ force pointed up.

(a) Organize the components of these forces in a table and find the components of the sum.

(b) Find the magnitude and direction of the sum.

Hint

Find the components and make a table with three columns - name, $x$ component, $y$ component.

(a) $( 7.05\text{ N}, -14.7\text{ N})\text{,}$

(b) $16.30\text{ N},$ $64.4^{\circ}$ clockwise from the positive $x$ axis in the fourth quadrant.

Solution 1 (a)

We can make the following table to help us organize the components

From this table we find the components of the sum.

\begin{align*} \amp F_x = 0 + 7.05\text{ N} + 0 = 7.05\text{ N},\\ \amp F_y = -15.0\text{ N}-9.71\text{ N}+10\text{ N} = -14.7\text{ N}. \end{align*}
Solution 2 (b)

We use the components and find the magnitude to be

\begin{equation*} F = \sqrt{F_x^2 + F_y^2} = \sqrt{7.05^2 + 14.7^2 } = 16.30\text{ N}, \end{equation*}

and the angle with respect the the $x$ axis

\begin{equation*} \theta = \tan^{-1}\left( \dfrac{-14.7}{7.05} \right) = - 64.4^{\circ}, \end{equation*}

which means $64.4^{\circ}$ clockwise from $+x$ axis in the fourth quadrant.

Consider the following three velocity vectors:

\begin{align*} \amp \vec v_1 = \left(25.0\text{ m/s},\text{ towards East} \right), \\ \amp \vec v_2 = \left(25.0\text{ m/s},\ 30^{\circ}\text{ North of East} \right), \\ \amp \vec v_3 = \left(40.0\text{ m/s},\ 30^{\circ}\text{ North of West} \right). \end{align*}

What are the magnitude and direction of their sum, $\vec v_1 + \vec v_2 + \vec v_3\text{?}$ For stating directions in space, let $x$ axis be pointed towards East, $y$ axis be pointed towards North, and $z$ axis be pointed Up.

Hint

Be careful with the signs. The $v_{3x}$ should be negative.

$34.64\text{ m/s}, 69.7^{\circ}$

Solution

We start by working out the components of each of the three velocity vectors. The components of $\vec v_1$ and $\vec v_2$ do not give us any trouble.

\begin{align*} \amp v_{1x} = 25.0\text{ m/s},\ \ v_{1y} = 0\\ \amp v_{2x} = 21.65\text{ m/s},\ \ v_{2y} = 12.5\text{ m/s} \end{align*}

However, we need to be careful when we work on $\vec v_3$ since the vector is pointed in the second quadrant of the $xy$ plane. When we peoject the arrow of the vector $\vec v_3$ on the $x$ axis, we strike the negative $x$ axis, which means that $v_{3x} \lt 0 \text{,}$ i.e., negative.

\begin{align*} \amp v_{3x} = -v_3\, \cos(|\theta|) = -34.64\text{ m/s}\\ \amp v_{3y} = +v_3\, \sin(|\theta|) = +20.0\text{ m/s} \end{align*}

The components of the sum, to be written as $v_x$ and $v_y$ will be

\begin{align*} \amp v_{x} = v_{1x} + v_{2x} + v_{3x} = 25.0+21.65-34.64 = 12.0\text{ m/s},\\ \amp v_{y} = v_{1y} + v_{2y} + v_{3y} = 0 + 12.5 + 20 = 32.5\text{ m/s}. \end{align*}

This results in the following magnitude and angle

\begin{align*} \amp v = \sqrt{v_{x}^2 + v_y^2} = 34.64\text{ m/s},\\ \amp \theta = \tan^{-1}\left( \dfrac{v_y}{v_x}\right) = 69.7^{\circ}. \end{align*}