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Physics Bootcamp
Samuel J. Ling
Contents
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Contents
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Front Matter
Colophon
Author Biography
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Preface
I
Mechanics
1
Introduction
The World of Physics
Fundamental Units
Metric and Other Units
Uncertainty, Precision, Accuracy
Propagation of Uncertainty
Order of Magnitude
Dimensional Analysis
Introduction Bootcamp
2
Motion on a Straight Path
Basics of Motion
Tracking Motion
Position, Displacement, and Distance
Velocity and Speed
Acceleration
Position, Velocity, Acceleration Summary
Constant Acceleration Motion
Freely Falling Motion
One-Dimensional Motion Bootcamp
3
Vectors
Representing Vectors
Unit Vectors
Adding Vectors
Vector Equations
Multiplying Vectors by a Number
Scalar Product Between Vectors
Vector Product Between Vectors
Working with Cartesian Unit Vectors
Vectors Bootcamp
4
Kinematics
Position
Displacement
Velocity and Speed
Acceleration
Displacement from Velocity
Velocity from Acceleration
Constant Acceleration
Variable Acceleration
Relative Motion in Different Frames
Kinematics Bootcamp
5
Circular Motion
Position on a Circle
Velocity of a Circular Motion
Uniform Circular Motion
General Circular Motion
Motion in Polar Coordinates
Circular Motion Bootcamp
6
Newton's Laws of Motion
First Law of Motion
Second Law of Motion
Third Law of Motion
Net Force
Problem Solving
Common Forces
Weight
Normal Force
Static Friction
Sliding/Kinetic Friction
Rolling Friction
Drag Force
Spring Force
Tension Force
Coupled Motion
Dynamics of Cicular Motion
Dynamics in Polar Coordinates
Forces Bootcamp
7
Impulse and Momentum
Momentum
Impulse
Impulse and Change in Momentum
Center of Mass
Center of Mass Motion
Conservation of Momentum
Collisions
The CM Frame
Mass Varying System
Momentum Bootcamp
8
Energy and Power
Work
Power of a Force
Kinetic Energy
The Work-Energy Theorem
Potential Energy
Energy
Conservation of Energy
Non-Conservation of Energy
Energy in Collisions
Energy Flow
Energy Bootcamp
9
Rotation about a Fixed Axis
Describing Rotation
Rotation Angle as a Vector
Rotational Speed and Velocity
Rotational Acceleration
Constant Rotational Acceleration
Angular Momentum
Moment of Inertia
Torque
Rotational Second Law
Rotational Impulse
Rotational Impulse and Angular Momentum
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Collision and Angular Momentum
Rotational Work
Rotational Kinetic Energy
Rolling Motion
Rotation Bootcamp
10
Rigid Body Motion
Angular Velocity
Angular Momentum
Principal Axes
Dynamics of Rigid Bodies
The Gyroscope
Kinetic Energy of a Rigid Body
Rigid Body Motion Bootcamp
11
Noninertial Frames
Accelerating Frame
Rotating Frame
Physics in Earth's Frame
Coriolis Force
Noninertial Frame Bootcamp
II
Applications of Mechanics
12
Gravitation
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
The Universal Law of Gravitation
Gravitational Potential Energy
The Two-Body Problem
Deriving Kepler's Second Law
Energy Conservation
The Orbit Equation
Deriving Kepler's Third Law
Tidal Forces
Gravitation Bootcamp
13
Simple Harmonic Motion
Sine and Cosine Functions
Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Plane Pendulum
Physical Pendulum
Energy of a Harmonic Oscillator
Damped Harmonic Oscillator
Dissipation of Energy and Q Factor
Driven Oscillator
Harmonic Oscillator Bootcamp
14
Vibrations and Waves
Sinusoidal Waves
Polarization of Waves
Normal Modes of a String
Resonance of a String
Wave Speed and Medium
Wave Functions
Energy, Power, and Intensity
Superposition of Waves
Interference of Waves
Beats
Reflection and Transmission
Diffraction
Vibrations and Waves Bootcamp
15
Sound
Characteristics of Sound Wave
Planar Sound Wave
Intensity of Sound
Quality of Sound
Musical Instruments
Doppler Effect
Sound Bootcamp
16
Stress and Strain
Static Equilibrium
Elasticity and Stress
Types of Stress and Strain
Energy in Strained Material
Stress and Strain Bootcamp
17
Static Fluids
Density
Pressure
Pressure in Fluid near Earth
Pressure Measurements
Pascal's Principles
Archimedes' Principle
Surface Tension
Static Fluid Bootcamp
18
Dynamic Fluid
Fluid Flow
Bernoulli's Equation
Applications of Bernoulli's Equation
Viscosity
Stoke's Law
Poiseuilli's Law
Turbulence
Dynamic Fluid Bootcamp
III
Thermodynamics
19
Heat and Temperature
The Thermodynamic State
Nature of Heat
Temperature
Thermometers
Heat and Temperature Bootcamp
20
Thermal Expansion
Thermal Length Expansion
Thermal Area Expansion
Thermal Volume Expansion
Thermal Stress
Thermal Expansion Bootcamp
21
Ideal Gas
Ideal Gas Law
Thermodynamic Processes
Mechanical Work by Gas
Real Gases
Ideal Gas Bootcamp
22
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
States of Matter
Calorimetry
Thermal Properties Bootcamp
23
Heat Transfer
Thermal Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Thermal Equilibration Process
Thermal Energy Balance
Heat Transfer Bootcamp
24
First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy Conservation in Calorimetry
Enthalpy and First Law
First Law of Thermodynamics Bootcamp
25
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Heat Engine
The Carnot Engine
The Carnot Refrigerator
Real Engines
Second Law Bootcamp
26
Entropy
Reversible Process
Entropy
The Third Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy Change in Irreversible Processes
The Second Law and Entropy
Entropy and Disorder
The Fundamental Thermodynamic Identity
Clausius's Theorem
Entropy Bootcamp
27
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Pressure of an Ideal Gas
Maxwell's Distribution of Molecular Speeds
Mean Free Path
Internal Energy of Ideal Gases
Effusion
Vapor Pressure
Water Vapor and Humidity
Kinetic Theory Bootcamp
IV
Electricity and Magnetism
28
The Electric Charge
Electrification by Friction
Microscopic Origin of Electricity
Principle of Conservation of Charge
Conduction of Electricity
Electroscope and Electrostatic Induction
Quantization of Electric Charge
Electric Charge Bootcamp
29
Coulomb's Law
Coulomb's Force
Superposition of Forces
Electric Field
Superposition of Electric Fields
Electric Field Lines
Continuous Charge Distributions
Charged Particles in Electric Field
Coulomb's Law Bootcamp
30
Gauss's Law
Flux of Electric Field
Gauss's Law
Electric Field for Spherical Symmetry
Electric Field for Cylindrical Symmetry
Electric Field for Planar Symmetry
Gauss's Law Bootcamp
31
Electric Potential
Electric Potential
Electric Potential Map
Electric Potential of Point Charge
Superposition of Electric Potential
Electrostatic Energy
Electric Potential of Charge Distributions
Electric Potential and Electric Field
Conservation of Energy of Moving Charges
Electric Potential Bootcamp
32
Conductors
Conductors and Insulators
Charged Metal
Electric Field Inside Conductors
Electric Field of Charged Conductors
Method of Images
Conductors Bootcamp
33
Dielectrics
Electric Dipoles
Force and Torque on an Electric Dipole
Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole
Electric Potential of a Dipole
Linear Dielectrics
Forces on Dielectrics
Dielectrics Bootcamp
34
Capacitors
Capacitors
Parallel Plate Capacitor
Spherical Capacitor
Cylindrical Capacitor
Capacitors Bootcamp
35
Electric Current
Electric Current
Electromotive Force
Ohm's Law
Power Dissipation
Electric Current Bootcamp
36
Electric Circuits
Simple DC Circuits
Resistors in Series
Resistors in Parallel
Series-Parallel Method
Kirchhoff's Rules
The Wheatstone Bridge
Electric Circuits Bootcamp
37
Capacitative Circuits
Capacitor Discharging Circuit
Capacitor Charging Circuit
Energy in Capacitors
Capacitors in Series
Capacitors in Parallel
Capacitative Circuits Bootcamp
38
Magnetism
Magnets
Permanent and Temporary Magnets
Existence of Magnetic Field
Magnetic Force on Moving Charges
Force and Torque on Magnetic Dipole
Motion in a Magnetic Field
The Hall Effect
Force on Current Carrying Wire
Torque on Current Carrying Wire
Magnetism Bootcamp
39
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field of Steady Current
Magnetic Dipole Field
Circulation of Magnetic Field
Ampere's Law
Superposition of Magnetic Fields
Gauss's Law for Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field Bootcamp
40
Magnetic Materials
Magnetic Dipoles
Microscopic View of Magnetic Materials
Induced Magnetic Dipoles
Magnetization of Materials
Magnetic Field of Magnets
Magnetization and Magnetic Field
Magnetic Materials Bootcamp
41
The Electromagnetic Effect
Faraday's Experiments
Magnetic Flux
Faraday's Flux Rule and Lenz's Law
Motional EMF
Motional EMF from Rotation
Eddy's Current
Faraday's Law
Nonconservative Electric Field
Electromagnetic Effect Bootcamp
42
Inductance
Mutual Inductance
Self-Inductance
Inductance in Circuits
Energy in an Inductor
Inductance Bootcamp
43
Electromagnetic Oscillations TODO
LC Circuits
Damping by Resistance
Driven Oscillations
EM-Oscillations Bootcamp
44
AC Circuits
AC Source
Passive Circuit Elements
Inductive AC Circuits
Capacitative AC Circuits
RLC Circuits
Power in AC Circuits
Circuit Analysis Using Complex Numbers
Coupled Circuits
AC Circuits Bootcamp
45
(Calculus) Maxwell's Equations
Ampere's Law is Not Universal
Maxwell's Equations in Point Form
Conservation of Charge
Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwell's Equations Bootcamp
V
Optics
46
Fundamentals of Optics
Spectrum and Photons
Ray Optics versus Wave Optics
Speed of Light
Radiometry
Photometry
Optical Media
Reflection and Refraction
Bending of Light at Plane Interface
Fermat's Principle
Fundamentals of Optics Bootcamp
47
Image Formation
Image Formation by Reflection
Curved Mirrors
Image Formation by Reflection - Algebraic Methods
Image Formation by Refraction
Lenses
Image Formation by Thin Lens
Thin Lens Equation
Lensmaker's Equation
Image in Two-lens Systems
Image Formation Bootcamp
48
Optical Instruments
Basics of Optical Instruments
The Human Eye
Magnifying Glass
Compound Microscope
Pinhole Camera
Telescope
Optical Aberrations
Optical Instruments Bootcamp
49
Wave Descrition of Light
Electromagnetic Wave
Intensity of Light
Radiation Pressure
Reflection and Refraction
Polarization of Light
Birefrengence
Light Wave Bootcamp
50
Interference of Light
Superposition Principle and Interference
Young's Double-Slit Experiment
Interference from Dielectric Films
Interferometers
Michelson Interferometer
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
Interference of Light Bootcamp
51
Diffraction of Light
The Diffraction Phenomenon
The Huygens-Fresnel Principle
Diffraction Through a Single Slit
Intensity in Diffraction Pattern
Diffraction Through a Double-Slit
Circular Aperture and Resolution
Diffraction Grating
Dispersion and Resolving Power
Diffraction of Light Bootcamp
VI
Modern Physics INPROGRESS
52
Special Relativity INPROGRESS
Galilean Relativity
The Michelson-Morley Experiment
Mach's Critique of Newtonian Thought
Postulates of Special Relativity
Einstein's Clock
Time Dilation
Lorentz Transformations
Length Contraction
Simultaneity
Transformation of Velocity
Relativistic Doppler Effect
Relativistic Momentum
Relativistic Energy
Massless Particles
Special Relativity Bootcamp
53
Quantum Nature of Light INPROGRESS
Historical Background
Light as Electromagnetic Waves
The Blackbody Radiation
Photoelectric Effect
Compton Effect
Single Photon as Wave
Quantum Nature of Light Bootcamp
54
Matter Waves INPROGRESS
Matter Waves
Evidence for Matter Waves
Schrödinger's Equation
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
Particle in a Box
Reflection of Wave
Quantum Tunneling
Matter Waves Bootcamp
55
Atomic Structures INPROGRESS
The Discovery of Electron
Charge of an Electron
Nuclear Model
Spectroscopy of Hydrogen
The Bohr Model
Hydrogen Atom According to Schrödinger Equation
Angular Momentum
Pauli's Exclusion Principle
Ordering of elements
Atomic Structures Bootcamp
56
Electronic Properties of Meterials INPROGRESS
Molecules
Structure of Solids
Conduction in Metals
Quantum Model of Conduction in Metals
Band Structure
Semiconductors
Electronic Properties BootCamp
57
Nuclear Physics INPROGRESS
Survey of Nuclear Properties
Radioactivity
Biological Effects of Radiation
Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Physics Bootcamp
58
Building Blocks of Nature INPROGRESS
Antiparticles
The Fundamental Forces
Lepton, Hadrons, and Quarks
The Standard Model of Particle Physics
Particle Production and Detection
Building Blocks Bootcamp
59
Stars, Galaxies, and Universe INPROGRESS
Cosmic Distances
Luminosity and Temperature of Stars
Masses of Astronomical Objects
Energy Source of Sun
Life Cycles of Stars
The Milky Way and Other Galaxies
Hubble's Law
Einstein's Gravitation
The Expanding Universe
Evidence for Big Bang
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
Stars and Galaxies Bootcamp
Authored in PreTeXt
Chapter
40
Magnetic Materials
40.1
Magnetic Dipoles
40.2
Microscopic View of Magnetic Materials
40.3
Induced Magnetic Dipoles
40.4
Magnetization of Materials
40.5
Magnetic Field of Magnets
40.6
Magnetization and Magnetic Field
40.7
Magnetic Materials Bootcamp
