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Section 18.8 Dynamic Fluid Bootcamp

Subsection 18.8.1 Fluid Flow

Subsection 18.8.2 Bernoulli's Equation

Subsection 18.8.3 Applications of Bernoulli's Equation

Subsection 18.8.4 Viscosity

Subsection 18.8.5 Stoke's Law

Subsection 18.8.6 Poiseuilli's Law

Subsection 18.8.7 Turbelence

Subsection 18.8.8 Miscellaneous

As water falls from a faucet it narrows. What will be the diameter and the area of the cross-section of flow \(10\text{ cm}\) from the exit of a water faucet that has an opening of \(2\text{ cm}\) diameter if volume rate of flow of water is \(0.25\text{ L/s}\text{?}\)

Hint

The pressure at the top point and bottom point are equal to atmospheric pressure.

Answer

\(1.55\text{ cm}^2\text{,}\) \(1.4\text{ cm}\text{.}\)

Solution

Label point at the bottom by 1 and the top by 2. Since the flow occurs freely against air the pressures at the two points in the question are equal to the atmospheric pressure.

\begin{equation*} p_1 = p_2 = p_\text{atm}. \end{equation*}

We get the following from Bernoulli's principle.

\begin{equation} \dfrac{1}{2} v_1^2 = \dfrac{1}{2} v_2^2 + g h. \label{eq-ch-13-f-d-pr-2-1}\tag{18.8.1} \end{equation}

This equation can be transformed using the conservation of volume (\(A_1 v_1 = A_2 v_2\)) so that we can find \(A_1\) at the point 1 from the given data. Let us denote the volume rate of flow by the letter \(c\text{.}\) Then we have

\begin{equation*} A_1 v_1 = A_2 v_2 = c. \end{equation*}

Therefore

\begin{equation*} v_1 = \dfrac{c}{A_1},\ \ v_2 = \dfrac{c}{A_2}. \end{equation*}

Now we put these in Eq. (18.8.1) and solve for \(A_1\text{.}\)

\begin{equation} A_1 = \left[ \dfrac{1}{A_2^2} + \dfrac{2 g h}{c^2} \right]^{-1/2}.\label{eq-ch-13-f-d-pr-2-2}\tag{18.8.2} \end{equation}

Let \(d_2\) be the diameter at the top point. The given values are

\begin{align*} A_2 \amp = \dfrac{\pi}{4} d_2^2 = \pi\text{ cm}^2.\\ h \amp = 10\ \text{cm}\\ g \amp = 981\ \text{cm/s}^2\\ c \amp = 0.25\ \text{L/s} = 0.25\times 10^{-3}\ \text{m}^3/\text{s} \\ \amp = 0.25\times 10^{3}\ \text{cm}^3/\text{s}. \end{align*}

Putting these numbers in the formula for \(A_1\) we find that \(A_1 = 1.55\text{ cm}^2\text{.}\) The diameter of water column at that point would be \(d_1 = \sqrt{4 A_1/\pi } = 1.4\text{ cm}\text{.}\)

A siphon is an ingenious device for removing fluid from a container that must not be tipped. In a siphon, you fill a U-tube or a flexible pipe with a liquid, close both ends, invert the pipe and place the higher end in the liquid and the other end in another container. Now, when you open the ends, you find that fluid starts to drain out as long as the highest point Q of the pipe is not too high.

Find the maximum height \(h\) so that water can drain when the open end in the water is at a depth of \(d\) and the other end \(R\) of the siphon is a height \(b\) below. Denote the density of the fluid by \(\rho\) and give your answer in terms of \(p_{atm}\text{,}\) \(\rho\text{,}\) \(g\text{,}\) \(d\) and \(b\text{.}\)

Check answer: if \(\rho = 13.5\text{ g/cc}\text{,}\) \(d = 10\text{cm}\text{,}\) and \(b = 20\text{ cm}\text{,}\) then \(h\lt 46\text{ cm}\text{.}\)

Hint

At the critical height the flow will stop!

Answer

\(h_c = \dfrac{p_{\text{atm}}}{\rho g }.\)

Solution

At the critical height the flow will stop. Let this value of \(h\) be denoted by \(h_c\text{.}\) The atmospheric pressure at the tank is balanced by the water column on the left end of the siphon. That is

\begin{equation*} p_{\text{atm}} = \rho g h_c. \end{equation*}

Therefore, the critical \(h_c\) is

\begin{equation*} h_c = \dfrac{p_{\text{atm}}}{\rho g }. \end{equation*}

Consider the siphon shown. If the area of cross-section of the container is \(A_0\text{,}\) the volume of water in the container is \(V\text{,}\) and area of cross-section of the pipe is \(A\text{,}\) how long will it take to empty the container? Do not assume the speed of flow inside the container to be zero.

Answer check: For \(A = 1\text{ cm}^2\text{,}\) \(A_0 = 1\text{ m}^2\text{,}\) \(V = 10^{-2}\text{ m}^3\text{,}\) and \(b = 1\text{ m}\text{,}\) \(t = 5.6\text{ sec}\text{.}\)

Hint

Set up Bernoulli's equation with velocity in the tank written as \(dy/dt\text{.}\)

Answer

\(T = \sqrt{\dfrac{2}{g}} \left( \sqrt{b+d} - \sqrt{b}\right)\sqrt{a^2-1}.\)

Solution

To minitor the progress of emptying of the tank, we use a \(y\)-coordinate of the top of the water at instant \(t\) with initial value \(y=0\text{.}\) This gives the velocity at the top, to be denoted by \(v\text{,}\) which is a function of time \(t\text{.}\)

\begin{equation*} v = -\dfrac{dy}{dt}, \end{equation*}

where minus is because the layer is moving down while positive \(y\) axis is pointed up.

The Bernouli equation for the flow through the entire siphon will be

\begin{equation} p_{\text{atm}} + \dfrac{1}{2} \rho v^2 + \rho g (b + y) = p_{\text{atm}} + \dfrac{1}{2} \rho v_R^2. \label{eq-ch-13-f-d-pr-4-1}\tag{18.8.3} \end{equation}

Let \(v_R\) denote the speed with which fluid comes out at bottom. The conservation of volume gives

\begin{equation*} A_0 v = A v_R. \end{equation*}

Putting this in the Eq. (18.8.3) yields

\begin{equation*} v = \sqrt{\dfrac{2g(b+y)}{a^2-1}},\ \ \ (a \ne 1) \end{equation*}

where \(a = A_0/A\text{.}\) Replacing \(v\) by \(-dy/dt\) this eqution becomes a differential equation.

\begin{equation*} -\dfrac{dy}{dt}= \sqrt{\dfrac{2g(b+y)}{a^2-1}}, \end{equation*}

We can write this in a way that allows integrating easier.

\begin{equation} \dfrac{dy}{ \sqrt{ b + y} } = - \sqrt{\dfrac{2g }{a^2-1}} dt.\label{ex-siphon-problem-time-to-drain}\tag{18.8.4} \end{equation}

Integrating this equation from \(y=d\) to \(y=0\) corresponding to \(t=0\) to \(t=T\text{,}\) the time to drain gives us the following result.

\begin{equation*} 2\sqrt{b+d} - 2\sqrt{b} = \left[ \sqrt{\dfrac{2g }{a^2-1}}\right]\ T. \end{equation*}

Therefore,

\begin{equation*} T = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{g}}\sqrt{ a^2-1 } \left( \sqrt{b+d} - \sqrt{b}\right). \end{equation*}

A viscometer is a device that measures viscosity of a liquid. In a common viscometer the liquid is put between two drums, one of which is fixed and the other rotated at a constant angular speed. The torque needed to rotate the drum is related to the viscosity.

In a particular viscometer the inner drum is rotated at \(50\text{ rev/min}\text{.}\) The outer diameter of the inner drum is \(5\text{ cm}\) and the inner diameter of the outer fixed drum is \(6\text{ cm}\text{.}\) The height of the drums is \(4\text{ cm}\text{.}\) If the torque on the inner drum is measured to be \(9.75 \times 10^{-4}\text{ N.m}\text{,}\) what is the viscosity of the fluid?

Hint

No hint

Answer

\(\tau =4\pi \eta \omega H \dfrac{R_1^2 R_2^2 }{R_2^2 - R_1^2},\)

Solution

I will leave this problem for you to attempt and discuss. The calculation will go similar to the calculation leading up to the Poseuille's law derived in the book. The calculation here will be related to the torque due to the viscous force between \(r\) and \(r + \Delta r\) layers of length L and width \(2\pi r\text{.}\) You can express the torques in terms of the drag force and also in terms of the pressure in the fluid. You will enjoy this problem if you are comfortable using Cylindrical coordinates.

The answer for torque on the outer cylinder when the internal cylinder is fixed is

\begin{equation*} \tau =4\pi \eta \omega H \dfrac{R_1^2 R_2^2 }{R_2^2 - R_1^2}, \end{equation*}

where \(\omega\) is the angular frequency of rotation, H is the height of the cylinders, and \(R_1\) and \(R_2\) the radii of the two cylinders.